Capitulum X

Bēstiae et Hominēs

The īnfīnītīvus praesentis āctīvī: a single form in -re, the same for all four conjugations — the verb named instead of conjugated · The four flavours of the active infinitive: [1] vocā|re, [2] vidē|re, [3] pōn|ere, [4] audī|re — the vowel before -re tells you the conjugation · The īnfīnītīvus praesentis passīvī: -ārī, -ērī, -īrī in conjugations 1, 2 and 4 — but a bare -ī in the 3rd (pōnī, emī, claudī) · The two irregular infinitives, differing by one macron only: esse “to be” (< sum) ≠ ēsse “to eat” (< edō, = edere) · Three verbs that call for an infinitive: potest / possunt (can), vult / volunt (want), audet / audent (dare) · posse and velle enter in the 3rd persons only: potest / possunt, vult / volunt — the full paradigms wait for capitula XV and XX · necesse est + DATIVE of the person + infinitive: “one must…” — necesse is an indeclinable neuter; esse carries the inflection · Accusative + infinitive after verbs of perception (vidēre, audīre, aspicere): used everywhere here, but formally taught only in cap. XI · Passive infinitive + ā/ab + ablative of agent: the passive of cap. VI carried over to the infinitive (ā Iūliō portārī, ab hominibus vidērī) · The dēclīnātiō tertia continued: avis and piscis decline “ut ovis” (gen. pl. -ium), mercātor “ut pāstor” (gen. pl. -um) · Nominatives that hide their stem, as the book itself states: leō < leōn, vōx < vōcs, pēs < peds — hence leōnis, vōcis, pedis (and hominis, on the leō pattern) · Three 3rd-declension neuters enter the vocabulary — flūmen, mare, animal — but the book itself defers their paradigm to capitulum XI · The -iō verbs of the 3rd conjugation (mixed type): capere, facere, parere — capit but capiunt, like the 4th conjugation · The imperative of the mixed type: cape! capite! (bare stem, like the 3rd conjugation) — and the apocopated fac!, beside dīc! and dūc! · Causal quod (= quia) + indicative, always postposed: the book glosses it itself, “quod = quia” · Two connectives with fixed, opposite positions: explanatory enim ALWAYS second (= nam at the front), consecutive ergō ALWAYS first · cum as a CONJUNCTION + present indicative (“when, whenever”) — not to be confused with cum the PREPOSITION + ablative from capitulum V · nēmō < ne- + homō (“no man”, acc. nēminem, dat. nēminī) — plus the chapter's homographs: volō/volō, parere/pārēre, fera/ferus

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