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Latin · Familia Romana

The path

Thirty-five chapters, one path. Each capitulum runs through short lessons — a few words at a time — then the comprehension quiz and the lectūra nova.

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Capitulum I

Imperium Rōmānum

  • The nominative in the singular and plural
  • Verb and adjective agreement
  • Simple questions
  • Place with in + ablative
  • Numbers and Roman numerals

41 words · + 17 proper nouns

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Capitulum II

Familia Rōmāna

  • The three genders
  • The genitive to show possession
  • Question words
  • The possessives meus and tuus
  • Numbers that agree

30 words · + 6 proper nouns

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Capitulum III

Puer improbus

  • The accusative, the object case
  • Object pronouns
  • The relative pronoun
  • The present tense of verbs
  • Asking for and giving a reason

32 words

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Capitulum IV

Dominus et servī

  • The vocative for addressing someone
  • The imperative and conjugations
  • The possessives suus and eius
  • Numbers from one to ten
  • The compounds adest and abest

33 words

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Capitulum V

Vīlla et hortus

  • The plural accusative
  • The ablative and its prepositions
  • The plural imperative
  • Plural agreement
  • The forms of is, ea, id

26 words

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Capitulum VI

Via Latīna

  • Prepositions and case choice
  • Place with names of towns
  • The active and passive voices
  • Agent and means in the ablative
  • Comparison with tam… quam

40 words · + 1 proper nouns

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Capitulum VII

Puella et rosa

  • The dative, the recipient case
  • The reflexive pronoun sē
  • hic, haec, hoc for pointing things out
  • Place with in, ex and ē
  • Questions expecting yes or no

29 words

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Capitulum VIII

Taberna Rōmāna

  • The pronouns hic, ille and is
  • Interrogatives and relatives
  • Price in the ablative
  • Comparisons of size
  • Plural imperatives in -ite

39 words

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Capitulum IX

Pāstor et Ovēs

  • The third declension
  • The stem revealed by the genitive
  • Plurals in -um and -ium
  • The prepositions suprā and sub
  • dum and ut with the indicative

49 words

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Capitulum X

Bēstiae et Hominēs

  • Active and passive infinitives
  • Verbs followed by an infinitive
  • The accusative with the infinitive
  • Mixed verbs in -iō
  • The linking words quod, enim and ergō

59 words

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Capitulum XI

Corpus hūmānum

  • Third-declension neuters
  • Consonant and i-stems
  • The accusative with the infinitive
  • The prepositions super, īnfrā and dē
  • The ablative of relation and means

59 words

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Capitulum XII

Mīles Rōmānus

  • The fourth declension
  • First- and third-class adjectives
  • The comparative in -ior and -ius
  • The dative for possession and naming
  • Cases used with the army and measurements

61 words

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Capitulum XIII

Annus et mēnsēs

  • The fifth declension, on the model of diēs
  • The ablative that says when: mēnse, hōrā, nocte, hieme
  • ante and post before a time of day
  • Ranks, from fifth to twelfth, and the large numbers
  • The year, its months, its days and its four seasons
  • The superlative: altissimus, pulcherrimus, optimus

63 words

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Capitulum XIV

Novus diēs

  • The morning: getting up, washing, dressing
  • The passive that means “oneself”: puer lavātur, vestītur
  • The pair: uter, alter, neuter, uterque — and the declension of duo
  • mihi, tibi — and cum stuck behind: mēcum, tēcum
  • inquit, the verb that slips inside reported speech
  • The active present participle: currēns, currentis

50 words

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Capitulum XV

Magister et discipulī

  • The Roman school: the master, the pupils, the rod
  • The present in all six persons: -ō, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
  • nōs and vōs: Latin can say “we” at last
  • sī, nisi, at, antequam — hooking one clause onto another
  • licet: the verb with no subject
  • The true, the bad, and the stern master

33 words

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Capitulum XVI

Tempestās

  • The harbour, the ship, the open sea
  • The verbs that look passive and are not: cōnātur, loquitur
  • puppim, puppī: the noun that keeps its i throughout
  • nauta: a word in -a that names a man
  • ventō secundō: two words set apart that give the setting
  • East and west are verbs: the sun rises, the sun falls

67 words

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Capitulum XVII

Numerī difficilēs

  • School does sums: the master teaches, the pupil learns
  • The passive in all six persons: laudor, laudāris, laudātur…
  • The difficult numbers: sēdecim, duodēvīgintī, nōngentī
  • rēctē, prāvē, aequē — the adverb that comes out of the adjective
  • oportet: one must, and nobody is doing it
  • The as and the denarius, and two verbs with only a passive shape

60 words

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Capitulum XVIII

Litterae Latīnae

  • What one writes on: soft wax, hard papyrus, the iron that marks
  • The vowel sounds alone, the consonant only sounds with another
  • A letter is missing, a letter is one too many: dēest and superest
  • How many times? semel, bis, ter, quater, then the whole -iēs series
  • frequēns, frequentis: an adjective with a single nominative shape
  • The adverb compares too: rārō, rārius, rārissimē — and bene makes melius

57 words

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Capitulum XIX

Marītus et uxor

  • The imperfect: the course's first past tense
  • -bam, -bās, -bat in all four conjugations, and eram, poteram, ībam
  • domus: domī, domum, domō — three forms that refuse a preposition
  • dīves, pauper: one nominative for all three genders
  • pulcherrima deārum: the highest degree, followed by the group one chooses from
  • The husband, the wife, and a roof that never changed

39 words

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Capitulum XX

Parentēs

  • The future: Latin can at last speak of what is not yet
  • -bō, -bis, -bit in the first two conjugations; -am, -ēs, -et in the rest
  • erō, poterō, ībō: the three irregulars of the future
  • The future passive: portābitur, alētur
  • carēre: what one lacks goes in the ablative, with no preposition
  • nōlī tacēre: Latin does not forbid, it refuses

16 words

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Capitulum XXI

Pugna discipulōrum

  • The perfect: Latin can at last say what happened
  • -ī, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt — six endings for every verb
  • A stem that cannot be guessed: vincō but vīcī, fallō but fefellī
  • victus, victa, victum: the word that says what HAS BEEN done
  • Two words for a single idea: vīsus est, cognitī sunt
  • cornū and genū: the 4th declension gets its neuters — and one does not believe someone but to someone

33 words

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Capitulum XXII

Cavē canem

  • A shut door, a chained dog, a doorkeeper who will not open
  • The verb has THREE stems: pellō, pepulī, pulsum
  • Perfects no rule will give you: momordit, rūpit, pepulit, scidit
  • catēnā ruptā, cane vīnctō — two ablatives that state the circumstance
  • aureus, ferreus, ligneus: matter turned into quality
  • forās and forīs: you leave by one, you wait in the other

54 words

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Capitulum XXIII

Epistula magistrī

  • A letter no one dares open, and a face that speaks before the mouth
  • pudet: the subjectless verb, where the one ashamed stands as the object
  • trādidī, perdidī: the perfect that repeats its own first syllable
  • prōmissūrus, factūrus, trāditūrus: what is about to happen
  • To confess or to deny: fatērī and negāre, two verbs face to face
  • hinc and illinc, antehāc and posthāc: where one comes from, and since when

39 words

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Capitulum XXIV

Puer aegrōtus

  • The pluperfect: what had ALREADY happened when it happened
  • -eram, -erās, -erat: the imperfect of esse stuck onto the perfect stem
  • A tense that never stands alone: it needs a second moment to measure itself against
  • vocātus erat: two words again, and it is the second that has changed
  • mīrātus est, passa est — deponents make their perfect in two words
  • nōvī means “I know”: the perfect that is not a past

34 words

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Capitulum XXV

Thēseus et Mīnōtaurus

  • The imperative of deponent verbs: pollicēre! oblīvīsciminī! — two familiar endings put to a new use
  • pollicitus, oblīta: a participle passive in form and active in meaning
  • The genitive completing a noun: timor mortis, expugnātiō urbis, cupiditās glōriae
  • cupidus glōriae, oblīvīscī fābulae: an adjective and a verb that govern a case
  • ibi where one is, hūc and illūc where one goes: the table of place is completed
  • coepisse, the verb with no present, and moenia, the noun with no singular

54 words

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Capitulum XXVI

Daedalus et Īcarus

  • The gerund: the noun of the action, drawn from the verb by -nd-
  • Four cases only — the nominative is already taken by the infinitive
  • ad discendum, ars canendī, legendō discimus: purpose, belonging, means
  • celer, celeris, celere — the course's only three-ending adjective
  • summus and īnfimus: two superlatives with no positive
  • līber “free” (long ī) is not liber “book” (short i)

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Capitulum XXVII

Rēs rūsticae

  • The CONIŪNCTĪVVS: the mood of what one wants done, and which is not yet done
  • One vowel, and it works backwards: arat → aret, but colit → colat
  • imperāre ut, monēre ut, ōrāre ut, efficere ut: the mood lives after another verb
  • In the passive, nothing new but the vowel: arātur → arētur, colitur → colātur
  • One does not deny with nōn but with nē — and chains on with nēve
  • sim, sīs, sit: the one irregular the book dates to this chapter

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Capitulum XXVIII

Perīcula maris

  • The imperfect subjunctive: the present infinitive, plus the endings
  • -rem, -rēs, -ret, -rēmus, -rētis, -rent — and nothing else to remember
  • It is not a past: it is the present subjunctive of a past story
  • imperat ut taceam, imperāvit ut tacērem: the main clause commands
  • In the passive, -rer, -rēris, -rētur: servārer, mergerētur
  • essem, īrem, vellem, nōllem, possem, ferrem, māllem — the irregular verbs are no exception

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Capitulum XXIX

Nāvigāre necesse est

  • Deliberative questions: quid faciam? quō eāmus?
  • Reported questions: nesciō quid faciat
  • cum: repeated time with the indicative, setting and cause with the subjunctive
  • magnī, parvī, plūris, minōris: stating assigned value
  • fūrtī accūsāre; nēmō nostrum, quis vestrum?

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Capitulum XXX

Convīvium

  • The future perfect: a future action already completed before another
  • The perfect stem with -erō, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint
  • cum, ubi and postquam: the completed action clears the way for the main future
  • singulī, bīnī, ternī: how many for each person or group
  • vās in the singular, vāsa in the plural: a noun that changes pattern

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Capitulum XXXI

Inter pōcula

  • The gerundive in -ndus: what must be done
  • A full adjective: laudandus, laudanda, laudandum
  • With esse, it expresses necessity or obligation
  • The person responsible for acting is put in the dative
  • The neuter without a noun: tacendum est, one must be silent
  • Contrast with the gerund of XXVI, which does not agree

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Capitulum XXXII

Classis Rōmāna

  • The perfect subjunctive active: perfect stem + -erim, -eris, -erit
  • The compound passive: perfect participle + sim, sīs, sit
  • The completed prohibition: nē timueris, nē timueritis
  • Wishes with utinam, in the present or the perfect
  • meminī and meminisse: perfect forms with present meaning
  • vīs, vim, vī; vīrēs, vīrium, vīribus: a two-sided paradigm

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Capitulum XXXIII

Exercitus Rōmānus

  • The pluperfect subjunctive: audīvissem, vēnissēs, cēpissent
  • Unreality: utinam adessēs! — utinam adfuissēs!
  • The impersonal passive: pugnātum est, nūntiātum erat, pugnātum esset
  • The future imperative: properātō, properātōte, estō, estōte
  • Attraction: epistulās scrībendī becomes epistulārum scrībendārum
  • dēnī, quīnī, sēnī: how many for each group

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Capitulum XXXIV

Dē arte poēticā

  • Quantity: a syllable is short or long
  • Linking and elision make the line sound like one chain
  • Trochee, iamb, dactyl and spondee: four basic rhythms
  • Hexameter, pentameter and hendecasyllable

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Capitulum XXXV

Ars grammatica

  • The eight parts of speech, named in Latin
  • Proper and common nouns, cases and degrees of comparison
  • Conjugation as the complete map of a verb
  • Adverbs, conjunctions and prepositions classified by function
  • Interjections: a short utterance for a whole emotion

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