Capitulum IX

Pāstor et Ovēs

The dēclīnātiō tertia: two types under one set of endings — pāstor pāstōris [A] and ovis ovis [B] · The endings: sg. -em, -is, -ī, -e; pl. -ēs, -ēs, -um/-ium, -ibus, -ibus — and a nominative singular with NO ending of its own · Why a word is quoted with its genitive: mōns montis, arbor arboris, nūbēs nūbis — the genitive is what gives the stem · The one cell that tells the two types apart: genitive plural -um (pāstōrum, arborum, timōrum) against -ium (ovium, montium, dentium, collium, vallium, nūbium) · Shared by both types: ablative singular in -e (pāstōre, ove, monte, arbore) and dative singular in -ī (pāstōrī, ovī, canī) · Nominative and accusative plural both in -ēs (ovēs, pāstōrēs, montēs, arborēs): the verb and the sense decide which is which · Gender in the 3rd declension cannot be read off the form: feminine ovis, vallis, nūbēs, arbor — masculine pāstor, pānis, collis, mōns, dēns, sōl, timor, clāmor · Nominatives that hide their stem: mōns < *monts, dēns < *dents (nom. sing. -s < -ts), and nūbēs -is (nominative in -ēs, genitive in -is) · The exception the book flags itself: canis declines “ut ovis”, but its genitive plural is canum, not *canium · The recap of the first two declensions (īnsula; servus / verbum, plus puer, vir, liber “sine -us”) with the Latin names of the cases · Latin grammatical metalanguage: dēclīnātiō, dēclīnāre / dēclīnātur / dēclīnantur, modus — and the ablātīvus modī hōc modō · Two opposite prepositions: suprā + ACCUSATIVE (suprā campum) ↔ sub + static ABLATIVE (sub arbore) · ipse, ipsa, ipsum: the intensive pronoun (“himself”), introduced only in the nominative and accusative singular, masculine and feminine · dum + present indicative, with two values in the one chapter: “while” and “until” · Comparative ut (“like, as”) + nominative — the first appearance of ut, with no subjunctive · The irregular imperative dūc! (plural dūcite!), with no -e — and the chapter's imperatives: quaere!, reperī!, pete!, age! · The irregular verb “to eat”: ēst / edunt, and the macron trap ēst ≠ est (ēsse ≠ esse) · Word-building: assimilated prefixes (ac-currit < ad-currit, im-pōnit < in-pōnit) and nouns drawn from verbs (timor < timet, clāmor < clāmat, dēclīnātiō < dēclīnat) · The passive of cap. VI applied to the new nouns: ovēs ā pāstōre numerantur, nūlla nūbēs vidētur

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