Skip to content

Create an account to keep your reviews and answers. Create an account

Capitulum XXI

Pugna discipulōrum

  • The perfect: Latin can at last say what happened
  • -ī, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt — six endings for every verb
  • A stem that cannot be guessed: vincō but vīcī, fallō but fefellī
  • victus, victa, victum: the word that says what HAS BEEN done
  • Two words for a single idea: vīsus est, cognitī sunt
  • cornū and genū: the 4th declension gets its neuters — and one does not believe someone but to someone

33 words

Chapter notebook

Words seen

  • causa cause, reason
  • pugna fight, battle
  • vincō to conquer, to win
  • fallō to deceive, to trick
  • nārrō to tell, to relate
  • postquam after
  • validus strong, sturdy
  • genū knee
  • cornū horn
  • bōs ox, cow
  • porcus pig, hog
  • cruor spilt blood, gore
  • humus ground, earth
  • solum floor, ground
  • vestis garment, clothing
  • sordēs dirt, filth
  • mūtō to change, to exchange
  • mundus clean, neat
  • candidus shining white
  • angustus narrow
  • cognōscō to recognise, to get to know
  • cōnspiciō to catch sight of
  • excūsō to excuse, to clear
  • crēdō to believe, to trust (+ dative of the person)
  • falsus false, untrue
  • indignus unworthy, undeserved
  • interim meanwhile, in the meantime
  • dubitō to doubt, to hesitate
  • mentior to lie, to tell a lie
  • āiō to affirm, to say yes
  • tabella writing tablet
  • imperfectum the imperfect (the unfinished tense)
  • perfectum the perfect (the completed tense)

Sentences seen

  • In pugnā nēmō vīcit, nam uterque validus fuit.

    In the fight nobody won, for each of the two was strong.

  • Puer causam pugnae nārrāvit, sed pater eī nōn crēdidit.

    The boy told the cause of the fight but his father did not believe him

  • Puer validus vīcit.

    The strong boy won.

  • Vērum nōn nārrāvistī.

    You did not tell the truth.

  • Mē fefellit.

    He deceived me.

  • Postquam nauta pugnam vīcit, causam amīcīs in hortō nārrāvit.

    After the sailor won the fight he told his friends the reason in the garden

  • Bōs cecidit, et cornū eius humī iacet.

    The ox fell, and its horn lies on the ground.

  • Cruor ē genū puerī fluit et humī est.

    Blood flows from the boy's knee and is on the ground

  • Bōs duo cornua habet.

    The ox has two horns.

  • Bōs humī est.

    The ox is on the ground.

  • Genua cruōre plēna sunt.

    The knees are full of blood.

  • Bōs cornibus magnīs porcum pulsāvit, sed puer humī nōn cecidit.

    The ox struck the pig with its large horns but the boy did not fall to the ground

  • Vestis sordium plēna erat, sed vestis mūtāta candida est.

    The garment was full of dirt, but the changed garment is shining white.

  • Puerī victī sordidīs vestibus domum redeunt.

    The beaten boys go home in dirty clothes

  • Vestis mūtāta munda est.

    The changed garment is clean.

  • Puer victus in viā angustā est.

    The beaten boy is in the narrow street.

  • Vestis candida est.

    The garment is shining white.

  • Ancilla vestem sordidam mūtāvit et candidam prope fenestram posuit.

    The maidservant changed the dirty garment and placed the white one near the window

  • Interim bōs ā servō cōnspectus est, itaque puer excūsātus est.

    Meanwhile the ox was spotted by the slave, so the boy was excused.

  • Omnēs falsa crēdidērunt, quia puer vēra nōn nārrāvit.

    Everyone believed false things because the boy did not tell the truth

  • Puer cognitus est.

    The boy was recognised.

  • Vestēs mūtātae sunt.

    The garments have been changed.

  • Bōs cōnspectus est.

    The ox was spotted.

  • Interim dominus servum procul cōnspexit, cognōvit et statim excūsāvit.

    Meanwhile the master saw the slave from afar recognized him and excused him at once

  • Puer sē vēra nārrāvisse ait, at māter eum mentīrī putat.

    The boy affirms that he told the truth, but his mother thinks he is lying.

  • Discipulī tabellās sordidās esse āiunt, at magister dubitat.

    The pupils affirm that the tablets are dirty but the master doubts

  • Puer sē vīcisse ait.

    The boy affirms that he won.

  • Magister dubitāvit et tabellam sūmpsit.

    The master hesitated and took the tablet.

  • Magister omnia nārrāvit.

    The master told everything.

  • Puer ait sē causam nārrāvisse et numquam amīcō mentīrī.

    The boy says that he told the reason and never lies to his friend

0 / 7
Guide
  1. Lesson 2 7 words · 4 to 8 min locked Finish the previous step to unlock this one.
  2. Lesson 3 7 words · 4 to 8 min locked Finish the previous step to unlock this one.
  3. Lesson 4 7 words · 3 to 8 min locked Finish the previous step to unlock this one.
  4. Lesson 5 5 words · 3 to 8 min locked Finish the previous step to unlock this one.
  5. Probātiō 3 exercises locked Finish the previous step to unlock this one.
  6. Lectūra nova locked Finish the previous step to unlock this one.
  7. Praemium locked Finish the chapter to claim the praemium.

Level test

Get fifteen questions right to clear this chapter and move on to the next.

Skip this chapter
DUAE LINGUAE

Unofficial companion to Familia Romana — not affiliated with Domus Latina.

Who are we?

© 2026 Duae Linguae